An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19.
Identifieur interne : 000108 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000107; suivant : 000109An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19.
Auteurs : Jeremy Howard [États-Unis] ; Austin Huang [États-Unis] ; Zhiyuan Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Zeynep Tufekci [États-Unis] ; Vladimir Zdimal [République tchèque] ; Helene-Mari Van Der Westhuizen [Royaume-Uni, Afrique du Sud] ; Arne Von Delft [Afrique du Sud] ; Amy Price [États-Unis] ; Lex Fridman [États-Unis] ; Lei-Han Tang [République populaire de Chine] ; Viola Tang [République populaire de Chine] ; Gregory L. Watson [États-Unis] ; Christina E. Bax [États-Unis] ; Reshama Shaikh [États-Unis] ; Frederik Questier [Belgique] ; Danny Hernandez [États-Unis] ; Larry F. Chu [États-Unis] ; Christina M. Ramirez [États-Unis] ; Anne W. Rimoin [États-Unis]Source :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 1091-6490 ] ; 2021.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- epidemiology : COVID-19.
- prevention & control : COVID-19.
- Contact Tracing, Humans, Masks, SARS-CoV-2.
Abstract
The science around the use of masks by the public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact, transmission characteristics, source control, wearer protection, sociological considerations, and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory particles, and it is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic, paucisymptomatic, and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: limiting contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures and reducing the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected respiratory particles in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. Given the current shortages of medical masks, we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory particles become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population level, rather than only mask wearing by susceptible people, such as health care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014564118
PubMed: 33431650
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Belgique, Royaume-Uni, République populaire de Chine, République tchèque, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Californie, Caroline du Nord, Massachusetts, Oxfordshire, Pennsylvanie, Pékin, Rhode Island, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, État de New York
- Bruxelles, Oxford, Pékin, San Francisco
- Université d'Oxford, Université de Pékin
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Chu</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez, Christina M" sort="Ramirez, Christina M" uniqKey="Ramirez C" first="Christina M" last="Ramirez">Christina M. Ramirez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rimoin, Anne W" sort="Rimoin, Anne W" uniqKey="Rimoin A" first="Anne W" last="Rimoin">Anne W. Rimoin</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33431650</idno><idno type="pmid">33431650</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.2014564118</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000050</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000050</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000050</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000050</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000050</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19.</title><author><name sortKey="Howard, Jeremy" sort="Howard, Jeremy" uniqKey="Howard J" first="Jeremy" last="Howard">Jeremy Howard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>fast.ai, San Francisco, CA 94105; jphoward@usfca.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>fast.ai, San Francisco</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">San Francisco</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Data Institute, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94105.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Data Institute, University of San Francisco, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Austin" sort="Huang, Austin" uniqKey="Huang A" first="Austin" last="Huang">Austin Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Rhode Island</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Zhiyuan" sort="Li, Zhiyuan" uniqKey="Li Z" first="Zhiyuan" last="Li">Zhiyuan Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Pékin</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement><region type="capitale">Pékin</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tufekci, Zeynep" sort="Tufekci, Zeynep" uniqKey="Tufekci Z" first="Zeynep" last="Tufekci">Zeynep Tufekci</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>School of Information, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>School of Information, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zdimal, Vladimir" sort="Zdimal, Vladimir" uniqKey="Zdimal V" first="Vladimir" last="Zdimal">Vladimir Zdimal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-165 02 Praha 6</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>CZ-165 02 Praha 6</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Westhuizen, Helene Mari" sort="Van Der Westhuizen, Helene Mari" uniqKey="Van Der Westhuizen H" first="Helene-Mari" last="Van Der Westhuizen">Helene-Mari Van Der Westhuizen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>TB Proof, Cape Town 7130, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>TB Proof, Cape Town 7130</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town 7130</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Delft, Arne" sort="Von Delft, Arne" uniqKey="Von Delft A" first="Arne" last="Von Delft">Arne Von Delft</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>TB Proof, Cape Town 7130, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>TB Proof, Cape Town 7130</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town 7130</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town 7925</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Price, Amy" sort="Price, Amy" uniqKey="Price A" first="Amy" last="Price">Amy Price</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fridman, Lex" sort="Fridman, Lex" uniqKey="Fridman L" first="Lex" last="Fridman">Lex Fridman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Lei Han" sort="Tang, Lei Han" uniqKey="Tang L" first="Lei-Han" last="Tang">Lei-Han Tang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hong Kong SAR</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Viola" sort="Tang, Viola" uniqKey="Tang V" first="Viola" last="Tang">Viola Tang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Information Systems, Business Statistics and Operations Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Information Systems, Business Statistics and Operations Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hong Kong SAR</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Gregory L" sort="Watson, Gregory L" uniqKey="Watson G" first="Gregory L" last="Watson">Gregory L. Watson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bax, Christina E" sort="Bax, Christina E" uniqKey="Bax C" first="Christina E" last="Bax">Christina E. Bax</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shaikh, Reshama" sort="Shaikh, Reshama" uniqKey="Shaikh R" first="Reshama" last="Shaikh">Reshama Shaikh</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Data Umbrella, New York, NY 10031.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Data Umbrella, New York</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Questier, Frederik" sort="Questier, Frederik" uniqKey="Questier F" first="Frederik" last="Questier">Frederik Questier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Teacher Education Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Teacher Education Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez, Danny" sort="Hernandez, Danny" uniqKey="Hernandez D" first="Danny" last="Hernandez">Danny Hernandez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>OpenAI, San Francisco, CA 94110.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>OpenAI, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chu, Larry F" sort="Chu, Larry F" uniqKey="Chu L" first="Larry F" last="Chu">Larry F. Chu</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez, Christina M" sort="Ramirez, Christina M" uniqKey="Ramirez C" first="Christina M" last="Ramirez">Christina M. Ramirez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rimoin, Anne W" sort="Rimoin, Anne W" uniqKey="Rimoin A" first="Anne W" last="Rimoin">Anne W. Rimoin</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19 (epidemiology)</term><term>COVID-19 (prevention & control)</term><term>Contact Tracing (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Masks (MeSH)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Masques (MeSH)</term><term>Traçage des contacts (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Contact Tracing</term><term>Humans</term><term>Masks</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Humains</term><term>Masques</term><term>Traçage des contacts</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The science around the use of masks by the public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact, transmission characteristics, source control, wearer protection, sociological considerations, and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory particles, and it is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic, paucisymptomatic, and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: limiting contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures and reducing the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected respiratory particles in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. Given the current shortages of medical masks, we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory particles become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population level, rather than only mask wearing by susceptible people, such as health care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33431650</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>15</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>15</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1091-6490</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>118</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>26</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">e2014564118</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1073/pnas.2014564118</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The science around the use of masks by the public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact, transmission characteristics, source control, wearer protection, sociological considerations, and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory particles, and it is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic, paucisymptomatic, and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: limiting contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures and reducing the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected respiratory particles in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. Given the current shortages of medical masks, we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory particles become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population level, rather than only mask wearing by susceptible people, such as health care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Howard</LastName><ForeName>Jeremy</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3102-9282</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>fast.ai, San Francisco, CA 94105; jphoward@usfca.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Data Institute, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94105.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName><ForeName>Austin</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Zhiyuan</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-6662-2636</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tufekci</LastName><ForeName>Zeynep</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7806-0025</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Information, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zdimal</LastName><ForeName>Vladimir</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van der Westhuizen</LastName><ForeName>Helene-Mari</ForeName><Initials>HM</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-9233-2349</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>TB Proof, Cape Town 7130, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>von Delft</LastName><ForeName>Arne</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-8785-9672</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>TB Proof, Cape Town 7130, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Price</LastName><ForeName>Amy</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-5200-7322</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fridman</LastName><ForeName>Lex</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tang</LastName><ForeName>Lei-Han</ForeName><Initials>LH</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-2925-4691</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tang</LastName><ForeName>Viola</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-8942-0348</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Information Systems, Business Statistics and Operations Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Watson</LastName><ForeName>Gregory L</ForeName><Initials>GL</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-7597-7359</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bax</LastName><ForeName>Christina E</ForeName><Initials>CE</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-1319-3318</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shaikh</LastName><ForeName>Reshama</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-4162-4453</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Data Umbrella, New York, NY 10031.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Questier</LastName><ForeName>Frederik</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-5596-3635</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Teacher Education Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hernandez</LastName><ForeName>Danny</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>OpenAI, San Francisco, CA 94110.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chu</LastName><ForeName>Larry F</ForeName><Initials>LF</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-0814-6402</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ramirez</LastName><ForeName>Christina M</ForeName><Initials>CM</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-8435-0416</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rimoin</LastName><ForeName>Anne W</ForeName><Initials>AW</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-0662-9067</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7505876</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0027-8424</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="Y">COVID-19</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016358" MajorTopicYN="Y">Contact Tracing</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008397" MajorTopicYN="Y">Masks</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="Y">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">masks</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">pandemic</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare no competing interest.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>12</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>51</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>13</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>16</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33431650</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">2014564118</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1073/pnas.2014564118</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Wang Q., Yu C.. 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Bax</name><name sortKey="Chu, Larry F" sort="Chu, Larry F" uniqKey="Chu L" first="Larry F" last="Chu">Larry F. Chu</name><name sortKey="Fridman, Lex" sort="Fridman, Lex" uniqKey="Fridman L" first="Lex" last="Fridman">Lex Fridman</name><name sortKey="Hernandez, Danny" sort="Hernandez, Danny" uniqKey="Hernandez D" first="Danny" last="Hernandez">Danny Hernandez</name><name sortKey="Howard, Jeremy" sort="Howard, Jeremy" uniqKey="Howard J" first="Jeremy" last="Howard">Jeremy Howard</name><name sortKey="Huang, Austin" sort="Huang, Austin" uniqKey="Huang A" first="Austin" last="Huang">Austin Huang</name><name sortKey="Price, Amy" sort="Price, Amy" uniqKey="Price A" first="Amy" last="Price">Amy Price</name><name sortKey="Ramirez, Christina M" sort="Ramirez, Christina M" uniqKey="Ramirez C" first="Christina M" last="Ramirez">Christina M. Ramirez</name><name sortKey="Rimoin, Anne W" sort="Rimoin, Anne W" uniqKey="Rimoin A" first="Anne W" last="Rimoin">Anne W. Rimoin</name><name sortKey="Shaikh, Reshama" sort="Shaikh, Reshama" uniqKey="Shaikh R" first="Reshama" last="Shaikh">Reshama Shaikh</name><name sortKey="Tufekci, Zeynep" sort="Tufekci, Zeynep" uniqKey="Tufekci Z" first="Zeynep" last="Tufekci">Zeynep Tufekci</name><name sortKey="Watson, Gregory L" sort="Watson, Gregory L" uniqKey="Watson G" first="Gregory L" last="Watson">Gregory L. Watson</name></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Li, Zhiyuan" sort="Li, Zhiyuan" uniqKey="Li Z" first="Zhiyuan" last="Li">Zhiyuan Li</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Tang, Lei Han" sort="Tang, Lei Han" uniqKey="Tang L" first="Lei-Han" last="Tang">Lei-Han Tang</name><name sortKey="Tang, Lei Han" sort="Tang, Lei Han" uniqKey="Tang L" first="Lei-Han" last="Tang">Lei-Han Tang</name><name sortKey="Tang, Viola" sort="Tang, Viola" uniqKey="Tang V" first="Viola" last="Tang">Viola Tang</name></country><country name="République tchèque"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zdimal, Vladimir" sort="Zdimal, Vladimir" uniqKey="Zdimal V" first="Vladimir" last="Zdimal">Vladimir Zdimal</name></noRegion></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Van Der Westhuizen, Helene Mari" sort="Van Der Westhuizen, Helene Mari" uniqKey="Van Der Westhuizen H" first="Helene-Mari" last="Van Der Westhuizen">Helene-Mari Van Der Westhuizen</name></region></country><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Van Der Westhuizen, Helene Mari" sort="Van Der Westhuizen, Helene Mari" uniqKey="Van Der Westhuizen H" first="Helene-Mari" last="Van Der Westhuizen">Helene-Mari Van Der Westhuizen</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Von Delft, Arne" sort="Von Delft, Arne" uniqKey="Von Delft A" first="Arne" last="Von Delft">Arne Von Delft</name><name sortKey="Von Delft, Arne" sort="Von Delft, Arne" uniqKey="Von Delft A" first="Arne" last="Von Delft">Arne Von Delft</name></country><country name="Belgique"><region name="Région de Bruxelles-Capitale"><name sortKey="Questier, Frederik" sort="Questier, Frederik" uniqKey="Questier F" first="Frederik" last="Questier">Frederik Questier</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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